Changes over time in the prevalence of asthma, rhinitis and atopic eczema in adolescents from Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil (2005-2012): Relationship with living near a heavily travelled highway

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of allergic diseases is increasing. We evaluated temporal trends in the prevalence of asthma, rhinitis and eczema in adolescents (13-14 years) living in Taubaté, SP, Brazil (2005-2012) and assessed the relationship between these prevalences and the residential proximity to Presidente Dutra Highway (PDH, a heavily travelled highway). METHODS: This cross-sectional study of adolescents (N=1039) from public and private schools was evaluated using the standard questionnaire of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) plus a question about their place of residence in relation to PDH. The data obtained were compared to the 2005 data using a chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. An analysis by groups consisting of two phases (two-step cluster) was used to evaluate the effect of living near PDH. RESULTS: There was a lifetime increase in the prevalence of active asthma (15.3% vs. 20.4%, p = 0.005) and physician-diagnosed asthma (6.8% vs. 9.2%, p = 0.06) and a decrease in the symptoms of active rhinitis (36.6% vs. 18.5%) between 2005 and 2012. A high frequency of asthma and rhinitis (18.1% vs. 23.2%, respectively) was observed among adolescents living close or very close to PDH; furthermore, 85.6% of the adolescents without symptoms of asthma or rhinitis lived far from PDH. CONCLUSION: An increase in the prevalence of asthma and a decrease in the prevalence of rhinitis were observed during the studied period. Living near PDH was associated with higher rates of asthma, rhinitis, and eczema

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TNFα contributes for attenuating both Y397FAK and Y416Src phosphorylations in osteoblasts.

OBJECTIVE: Our poor understanding of how inflammatory mediators can affect osteoblast behavior led us to investigate the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α-induced focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src phosphorylation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cells were harvested at specific time points after either TNFα treatment or RAW267 stimulated conditioned medium, and thereafter cell extracts were prepared for Immunoblotting assay. ELISA detected TNFα content at conditioned medium. Tumor necrosis factor-α-neutralizing antibodies also were used. RESULTS: It was possible to show that TNFα provokes attenuation at Y-phosphorylation of both FAK (at Y397 ) and Src (at Y416 ) proteins (P < 0.05), suggesting a decrease in their activities. The very similar profile was observed when osteoblasts were incubated with conditioned medium from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages, it being significantly different than control (FAK and Src, P < 0.05). Nevertheless, in order to validate these findings, we decided to pre-incubate osteoblasts with anti-TNFα neutralizing antibody (2 µg ml(-1) ) prior exposing to conditioned medium. Importantly, our results revealed that there was a diminution on those conditioned medium effects when the same biological parameters were evaluated (P < 0.05). Moreover, we also showed that TNFα impairs osteoblast adhesion, suggesting an interesting role on osteoblast performance. CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, these results suggest that LPS-stimulated macrophage mediators attenuate both FAK and Src activations in osteoblast, suggesting a novel role for TNFα on osteoblast performance.

Medicamentos Fitoterápicos na odontologia: evidências e perspectivas sobre o uso da aroeira-do-sertão (Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão) / Phytotherapy medicines in dentistry: evidence and perspectives on the use of "Aroeira-do-sertão" (Myracrodruon Urundeuva Allemão)

Nas pesquisas com fitoterápicos o uso popular pode sugerir espécies potencialmente importantes, porém, faz-se necessário uma série de estudos, entre eles, a identificação de espécies com comprovada ação farmacológica e/ou substâncias biologicamente ativas. O uso de fármacos fitoterápicos na prática clínica, tratamento e prevenção de afecções de menor severidade vêm sendo reconhecido pelo SUS ultimamente. Apesar da utilização de plantas medicinais na odontologia ser ainda pouco explorada, existe pesquisa científica sobre os efeitos antimicrobiano, analgésico e antinflamatório de algumas espécies, entre elas: óleo de copaíba, extrato de romã, cravo da Índia, malva, tanchagem, amoreira, sálvia, e camomila. Nesta revisão o objetivo foi reunir informação sobre o potencial da aroeira-do-sertão (M. urundeuva All), planta utilizada na medicina tradicional nordestina e em alguns países da América do Sul, como fitoterápico na odontologia. Os extratos de aroeira são obtidos através do preparo das folhas, raízes, entrecasca e casca do tronco e galhos. Da casca de M. urundeuva já foram isoladas: chalconas diméricas: urundeuvina A, B, C, e matosina. Encontramos pesquisas sobre os seguintes efeitos da aroeira-do-sertão: ação antimicrobiana; antiinflamatória/cicatrizante no tratamento de ferimentos; gastrites; úlceras gástricas; cervicites; vaginites e hemorróidas. A aroeira conta com bons resultados em pesquisas que avaliaram o controle de microorganismo relacionado à patologias bucais, tal como S. mutans. No entanto, necessita-se de estudos para comprovar seu mecanismo de ação e definir condições seguras para seu uso em patologias específicas.

With regards to the studies of phytotherapeutic medicines, their popular use proves to be potentially important; however, a series of studies are necessary focusing on the identification of the species that have proven pharmacological action and/or biologically active components. The use of phytotherapy medicines in the clinical practice, treatment and prevention of less severe disorders is being recently recognized by the Brazilian SUS. Particularly in dentistry, the use of medicinal plants is still underexplored. However, some studies were conducted with plants of popular medicine use, such as: copaiba oil, pomegranate extract, clove, malva, plantain, mulberry, sage and chamomile, among others, in the search for antimicrobial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory qualities. Some of these qualities were later proven in scientific studies. In this review, we aimed to highlight the potential of the "aroeira-do-sertão" tree (M. urundeuva All), which is a plant utilized in traditional medicine in the Northeast region of Brazil and in some South America countries, as a phytotherapeutic medicine in dentistry. The extracts of the "aroeira-do-sertão" tree are acquired through the preparation of the leaves, roots and bark of the trunk and branches. The dimeric chalcones, urundeuvina A, B, C and matosine were isolated in the M. urundeuva bark. Some published studies have investigated the effects of the "aroeira-do-sertão" such as; antimicrobial action, anti-inflammatory action, healing in the treatment of wounds, gastritis, gastric ulcers, cervicitis, vaginitis, and hemorrhoids. In this regard, the "aroeira-do-sertão" has shown good results in studies involving the control of microorganism related to oral conditions, such as S. mutans. However, further studies are needed to confirm its mechanism of action and establish safe conditions for its use in specific situations (i.e. diseases).

Volviendo a los planteamientos de la atención sensible / Returning to the approaches of sensitive nursing care

El cuidado sensible contempla la razón sensible sensible, la creatividad, la estética, la solidaridad, la libertad de asociación en relación con el cuidado humano. Objetivos: Reflexionar sobre las demandas del cuidado de enfermería en el orden sensible y analizar los enfoques profesionales relativos a la sensibilidad en el cuidado. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio reflexivo-analítico realizado a partir de una revisión bibliográfica sobre el cuidado sensible y la sensibilidad. Levantamiento realizado en la Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde - BVE, de publicaciones de los últimos diez años, se encontraron 23 publicaciones indirectas, en textos completos en la literatura nacional, identificados con los descriptores: Enfermería, Cuidados de Enfermería y Humanización de la Asistencia. Resultados: El estudio reveló que el cuidado sensible a pesar de no ser descrito en la literatura de enfermería, se identifica con la solidariedad, amor y afectividad de los contactos profesionales; en la disponibilidad, en la entrega, en la escucha atenta; en el diálogo objetivo e interesado, en la conversación dedicada, em la conversación terapéutica o todo aquello que implica el diálogo afectivo en la práctica humanizada del cuidado. Conclusiones: Los resultados destacan la necesidad de cambios de paradigma en el cuidado, de otra manera más orgánica, afectiva, más humana, que invierta en la subjetividad del ser, valorando lo vivido, la complejidad de los sentimientos que acompañan los desórdenes físicos y emocionales del usuario de los servicios de salud (AU)

SensitiveThe sensible care includes sensitiveble reasoning, creativity, aesthetics, solidarity, freedom, partnership and,, by association, with the human care. Objectives: To reflect on the problems of nursing in the sensitiveble care approach and analyze some ways forto approach professionals to approachon the sensitivity care. Methodology: This is a reflective study conducted from a literature review ofin texts on about sensitiveble care and sensitivity. The survey usedwas done in the database in the Virtual of Health Library in the last decadeand found 23 full text publications in national literature., Descriptors related to: Nursing, Nursing Care, and Humanized Assistance. Results: The study shows that sensitiveble care, although not a descriptor in the nursing literature, is expressed in solidarity, love and professional contacts, in the availability, dispositionsal, with one attentive listening, and interested in dialogue, in the conversation-dedicated therapy, and in everything that involves the affective dialogue. Conclusions: The study revealedevoked the need for paradigm shifts in nursing care, towards a another order more organic, affective, more humane order, that invests in the subjectivity, that valuesvaluing the lived complexity of feelings that accompany the physical and emotional disorders of the user of the consumer‟s healthy service (AU)

Respiratory viruses in children younger than five years old with acute respiratory disease from 2001 to 2004 in Uberlândia, MG, Brazil

The main viruses involved in acute respiratory diseases among children are: respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenzavirus (FLU), parainfluenzavirus (PIV), adenovirus (AdV), human rhinovirus (HRV), and the human metapneumovirus (hMPV). The purpose of the present study was to identify respiratory viruses that affected children younger than five years old in Uberlândia, Midwestern Brazil. Nasopharyngeal aspirates from 379 children attended at Hospital de Clínicas (HC/UFU), from 2001 to 2004, with acute respiratory disease, were collected and tested by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) to detect RSV, FLU A and B, PIV 1, 2, and 3 and AdV, and RT-PCR to detect HRV. RSV was detected in 26.4 percent (100/379) of samples, FLU A and B in 9.5 percent (36/379), PIV 1, 2 and 3 in 6.3 percent (24/379) and AdV in 3.7 percent (14/379). HRV were detected in 29.6 percent (112/379) of the negative and indeterminate samples tested by IFI. RSV, particularly among children less than six months of life, and HRV cases showed highest incidence. Negative samples by both IFA and RT-PCR might reflect the presence of other pathogens, such as hMPV, coronavirus, and bacteria. Laboratorial diagnosis constituted an essential instrument to determine the incidence of the most common viruses in respiratory infections among children in this region.

Avaliação do II Curso de Saude Publica da Secretaria de Saude do Distrito Federal: um estudo de caso / Evaluation of the II Course of Public Health of the Health Secretariat of Federal District: report of a case

Os cursos de especializacao em Saude Publica atualmente existentes entre nos, com seu formato diferencial de curta duracao e alta abrangencia, constituem uma realidade recente em nosso pais, contando com pouco mais de dez anos. No Distrito Federal, realizaram-se nove deles, dos quais seis com a atuacao diretiva e docente dos autores. Com vistas a incorporar tal experiencia acumulada como contribuicao para com futuras iniciativas a respeito, apresentam-se os resultados obtidos com avaliacao terminal procedida em um deles, executada segundo o modelo atualmente recomendado pela Escola Nacional de Saude Publica. Foi ela aplicada em amostra randomica de alunos, docentes e coordenadores, na busca de identificacao de apreciacoes positivas e negativas, sobretudo dos aspectos operacional, administrativo, metodologico e institucional do mesmo. Em meio a percepcoes e formulacoes heterogeneas e pluralistas, obtiveram maiores frequencias em suas respectivas distribuicoes, por um lado, a adequacao do trabalho de campo, baseado na utilizacao de quatro regionais, acompanhadas pelos alunos apos cada area tematica e, por outro, a preocupacao para com a fragilidade de decisao institucional quanto a oferta e manuntencao do curso, bem como quanto ao aproveitamento dos egressos para a consolidacao do sistema de saude do Distrito Federal. Tais aspectos merecem, ao final, destacada discussao.